發布日期：2023-04-17 
點擊量：539 作者：武洋 來源：摘要：企業(ye)在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)過程(cheng)中，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)要符合建設(she)(she)(she)(she)標(biao)準受(shou)多種因素影響(xiang)，為了能夠(gou)保障質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)符合建設(she)(she)(she)(she)標(biao)準，必須要做(zuo)好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理工(gong)(gong)(gong)作，尤其是建設(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位、監理及承包商，作為構成(cheng)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)重要主(zhu)體，需要著重做(zuo)好(hao)多角度分析，了解質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)控的(de)(de)要點，從而(er)能夠(gou)建立可靠的(de)(de)措(cuo)施，為后續工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)順利(li)建設(she)(she)(she)(she)奠(dian)定(ding)基礎(chu)。基于此，本文主(zhu)要圍繞建設(she)(she)(she)(she)單(dan)位抓(zhua)好(hao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)管(guan)理展(zhan)開探(tan)究，并闡述了相關建議(yi)。
關鍵詞：質量管理；建(jian)設工(gong)程；材料(liao)；制度
引言：為了提(ti)高(gao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量，不僅需要加(jia)強對(dui)管理(li)(li)水平提(ti)升(sheng)的(de)重(zhong)視，同時還應該根據建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)各個環(huan)節工(gong)(gong)作開展情況(kuang)，科學可(ke)靠的(de)建(jian)(jian)立管理(li)(li)措施，從設(she)(she)計(ji)招(zhao)標及計(ji)劃(hua)等角度入手(shou)，采取科學可(ke)靠的(de)預防控制，這(zhe)樣可(ke)以(yi)防患于未然(ran)，避免受某一環(huan)境(jing)因素影響而導致工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)(she)質量難以(yi)保證。
一、工程質量(liang)管理的(de)必要性(xing)
在社會(hui)經(jing)濟穩定(ding)(ding)發(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)背景下，各種類型建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)日益增多，為城市化發(fa)展、企業擴大(da)生(sheng)產、提(ti)高產能帶來(lai)一定(ding)(ding)幫助。但是，在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，存(cun)在不(bu)具備工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)承(cheng)包資質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位通過(guo)不(bu)當的(de)(de)(de)(de)手段中(zhong)標，并(bing)在施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，通過(guo)偷工(gong)(gong)(gong)減料(liao)(liao)難以(yi)(yi)保(bao)證建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)影響人(ren)們(men)的(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)命財產安全。與(yu)此同(tong)時(shi)部(bu)分施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位在建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)并(bing)沒有(you)嚴(yan)格(ge)遵(zun)循前期標準(zhun)所開展，如材(cai)料(liao)(liao)利(li)用(yong)不(bu)合理(li)(li)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序不(bu)準(zhun)確，竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收過(guo)于形式化等多種問題，嚴(yan)重(zhong)(zhong)影響建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)。因此，必須要認識(shi)到要保(bao)證整個工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)實現，應(ying)嚴(yan)格(ge)遵(zun)循質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)標準(zhun)開展工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)，建(jian)立可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，如文件(jian)設(she)(she)(she)計、招標管(guan)理(li)(li)、制度建(jian)立、質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)檢測、進(jin)度控制、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)檢驗(yan)及(ji)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收等，應(ying)按(an)照質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)控制流程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)所開展，將“質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)”保(bao)證作(zuo)為重(zhong)(zhong)點，強調各個環節(jie)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)要性，推進(jin)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)順利(li)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)。建(jian)立合理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)措施(shi)， 避(bi)免工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)不(bu)達標以(yi)(yi)及(ji)安全管(guan)理(li)(li)不(bu)合規等問題的(de)(de)(de)(de)產生(sheng)，同(tong)時(shi)在質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)管(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)中(zhong)，還應(ying)該(gai)建(jian)立科學(xue)可(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，注重(zhong)(zhong)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)驗(yan)收管(guan)理(li)(li)，做好工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)規范，強化細節(jie)處理(li)(li)，提(ti)升竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)驗(yan)收的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)靠性，從而保(bao)證建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)(liang)(liang)達標[1]。
二、建設單位做好工(gong)程質量管(guan)理的措施
在國內建筑(zhu)市場(chang)穩定發(fa)展的(de)背景下，已經(jing)形成良好(hao)的(de)監督管理機(ji)制，進而能夠促進工(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量的(de)提升。但是(shi)，在實際工(gong)作(zuo)開展階(jie)段，仍(reng)然(ran)需要重視，從設計階(jie)段、施工(gong)階(jie)段到竣工(gong)階(jie)段，落實好(hao)質(zhi)(zhi)量管控工(gong)作(zuo)，減(jian)少質(zhi)(zhi)量問題的(de)產(chan)生，從而能夠保證建筑(zhu)項目的(de)可靠性(xing)。
（一）設(she)計文件是質量保證的源(yuan)頭
設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)文件是工程建設的(de)根本(ben)依據，做好科(ke)學設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)可以(yi)(yi)提升質量管控效果。所以(yi)(yi)，在(zai)實際工作開展(zhan)(zhan)階段，需要(yao)選(xuan)擇(ze)優秀的(de)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位，還(huan)應該根據工程量大小以(yi)(yi)及構造物類(lei)型進(jin)行(xing)科(ke)學選(xuan)擇(ze)，只有通過保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)符合(he)標準，才可以(yi)(yi)促進(jin)整體管理質量的(de)提升。而(er)且設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位在(zai)選(xuan)擇(ze)工作開展(zhan)(zhan)階段，還(huan)應該合(he)理的(de)進(jin)行(xing)招投標管理，并且在(zai)施工圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)完成后需要(yao)聘(pin)請(qing)具備高水平的(de)設計(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)單(dan)(dan)位進(jin)行(xing)審查，只有保(bao)(bao)證(zheng)各(ge)個環節不會存(cun)在(zai)問(wen)題，才可以(yi)(yi)為后續圖(tu)紙(zhi)(zhi)的(de)運用以(yi)(yi)及施工建設帶來保(bao)(bao)障(zhang)。
（二(er)）招標是質(zhi)量提升(sheng)的基礎
建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)招標(biao)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)包含承(cheng)包商(shang)與監理單(dan)位的(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)，企業在承(cheng)包商(shang)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)階段(duan)必須(xu)要嚴格按照招標(biao)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)標(biao)準所展(zhan)開，公平(ping)公正的(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)審(shen)核，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)有資(zi)質(zhi)(zhi)且質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)高，具備較強(qiang)技(ji)術能力的(de)(de)單(dan)位進(jin)行(xing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)。針對中標(biao)單(dan)位合(he)同簽訂必須(xu)要做(zuo)好前期的(de)(de)技(ji)術答疑與考(kao)核，以便于檢驗承(cheng)包商(shang)的(de)(de)真(zhen)實水平(ping)，進(jin)而為后續工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)穩步進(jin)行(xing)帶來更多保障，同時在施工(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)期間還應該定(ding)期的(de)(de)進(jin)行(xing)檢查(cha)，避(bi)免承(cheng)包商(shang)把部分(fen)技(ji)術人員或機械調往其他區域進(jin)行(xing)施工(gong)(gong)，這樣(yang)可以有效保證現場(chang)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)，通(tong)過科學考(kao)核推進(jin)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)順(shun)利(li)建(jian)設(she)。
針對監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)的(de)選擇工程，在施工階段通常(chang)包含較(jiao)多的(de)工作(zuo)(zuo)，而且項目人員流動較(jiao)大，只有通過科學合理(li)(li)的(de)選擇監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)，才可以(yi)更加負(fu)責的(de)對整個工程建(jian)設(she)進行(xing)全面(mian)監(jian)督(du)，同時建(jian)設(she)單位(wei)還(huan)應該設(she)置(zhi)管理(li)(li)人員，充分(fen)分(fen)析(xi)監(jian)理(li)(li)單位(wei)實際工作(zuo)(zuo)情況，避免過于形式(shi)化展開工作(zuo)(zuo)而導致整體質量監(jian)督(du)管理(li)(li)效果(guo)難以(yi)保證。
（三）規(gui)章(zhang)制度(du)是規(gui)范施工的核心
建(jian)(jian)設單位在實(shi)際參與(yu)工(gong)程質(zhi)量管理工(gong)作(zuo)當中時不僅需(xu)要(yao)對招標(biao)與(yu)前期準備工(gong)作(zuo)予以(yi)重視(shi)，同時還應該監(jian)督建(jian)(jian)筑施(shi)工(gong)規(gui)章制度的(de)(de)健全，只(zhi)有通過相關規(gui)定(ding)才可以(yi)規(gui)范(fan)施(shi)工(gong)人員的(de)(de)行為(wei)確(que)保(bao)其可以(yi)嚴格遵(zun)循施(shi)工(gong)標(biao)準，并科學合(he)理的(de)(de)設置獎罰措施(shi)，激發工(gong)作(zuo)人員工(gong)作(zuo)的(de)(de)熱情(qing)，使得其能(neng)夠高效且迅(xun)速(su)的(de)(de)完(wan)成(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)建(jian)(jian)設[2]。
（四）全面檢測是質量控制要點
建設單(dan)(dan)位(wei)在使用過(guo)程(cheng)中，由于無法做到全過(guo)程(cheng)監(jian)督，因此必須要對重點工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)以(yi)及隱(yin)蔽性工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，需要加(jia)強對質量(liang)(liang)檢(jian)查(cha)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作重視，這樣可以(yi)針對存在的(de)不(bu)合(he)格(ge)以(yi)及潛在問題(ti)進行(xing)綜合(he)探究，及時(shi)進行(xing)整改，必要時(shi)還應(ying)該進行(xing)反工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，有效保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質量(liang)(liang)，才能(neng)夠(gou)規范施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)(dan)位(wei)的(de)行(xing)為(wei)，促(cu)使其能(neng)夠(gou)更(geng)加(jia)有效履行(xing)合(he)同約定，從而順利(li)完成施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建設。
（五）進(jin)度(du)規劃是質量(liang)保證(zheng)前提
建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量管理(li)(li)同樣包含(han)進度計劃的(de)設(she)置(zhi)，只有在規(gui)定時期(qi)(qi)完成施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)，才可(ke)(ke)以(yi)保證(zheng)整體經濟效益，避免(mian)延(yan)誤工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期(qi)(qi)而(er)導(dao)致施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)成本(ben)大(da)(da)幅(fu)度增(zeng)加，甚至(zhi)難以(yi)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量。再(zai)加上工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建(jian)設(she)嚴(yan)(yan)重受氣(qi)候因素影響(xiang)。所(suo)以(yi)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)要根據季節科學合理(li)(li)的(de)對(dui)(dui)不同工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)進行(xing)規(gui)范，對(dui)(dui)于路基工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要在雨季前完成，只有這樣才可(ke)(ke)以(yi)避免(mian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)建(jian)設(she)質(zhi)量受到影響(xiang)。因此，建(jian)設(she)單位需(xu)(xu)(xu)要做(zuo)好前期(qi)(qi)整體施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)計劃的(de)設(she)定，引導(dao)每一個(ge)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)部門都能夠嚴(yan)(yan)格按照(zhao)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)流(liu)程所(suo)開展，并有效控制施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)時間(jian)最大(da)(da)限度的(de)保證(zheng)計劃的(de)順利實施(shi)(shi)(shi)，使得工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)量得到大(da)(da)幅(fu)度提(ti)升。
（六）做好材料質量的把關
工(gong)程(cheng)項目建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)中所(suo)需材料(liao)較(jiao)多，建(jian)(jian)設(she)單位必須要(yao)加強對材料(liao)與設(she)備(bei)管(guan)理工(gong)作(zuo)重(zhong)視，尤其針對新購入的(de)(de)材料(liao)，需要(yao)在使用(yong)前做好(hao)性(xing)能與質量的(de)(de)檢(jian)驗，只有符合施(shi)(shi)工(gong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)標準，才可以投入到后續施(shi)(shi)工(gong)建(jian)(jian)設(she)當中。同時材料(liao)的(de)(de)儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)工(gong)作(zuo)相(xiang)對較(jiao)為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)，只有確保其儲(chu)存(cun)(cun)合理性(xing)，避免受惡(e)劣天氣(qi)影響(xiang)而導(dao)致材料(liao)質量下降(jiang)問題的(de)(de)產生，從而為(wei)后續施(shi)(shi)工(gong)運用(yong)帶來(lai)更多幫助。
（七）工程驗收是質量保證(zheng)重點(dian)
工程竣工后施(shi)工單(dan)位(wei)(wei)需(xu)要根據(ju)前期(qi)所規定的圖(tu)紙(zhi)以(yi)及(ji)項目標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)驗(yan)(yan)收，而且此(ci)項工作涉及(ji)到(dao)的內容較多，是保證(zheng)工程質(zhi)量的重要一(yi)(yi)環(huan)節(jie)(jie)，必須(xu)要貫(guan)徹整(zheng)個工程項目并嚴(yan)格按照圖(tu)紙(zhi)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)進(jin)行(xing)全面檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)，只有(you)確保每一(yi)(yi)個環(huan)節(jie)(jie)符合施(shi)工建(jian)設(she)標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)，才(cai)可以(yi)完成驗(yan)(yan)收，針對某(mou)一(yi)(yi)環(huan)節(jie)(jie)存在問題需(xu)要及(ji)時(shi)進(jin)行(xing)改進(jin)，必要時(shi)還應該(gai)進(jin)行(xing)返工處(chu)理，避(bi)免受某(mou)一(yi)(yi)細(xi)節(jie)(jie)處(chu)理不到(dao)位(wei)(wei)而導(dao)致整(zheng)個工程質(zhi)量不達(da)標(biao)(biao)。因此(ci)，建(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)必須(xu)要對此(ci)項工作加強(qiang)重視引導(dao)管理人員到(dao)現場進(jin)行(xing)驗(yan)(yan)收，同時(shi)需(xu)要聘(pin)請具備有(you)資質(zhi)的檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)進(jin)行(xing)全面檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)，一(yi)(yi)旦無法達(da)到(dao)設(she)計要求，則必須(xu)要制定應急處(chu)理方案，避(bi)免過于注重形式而導(dao)致工程質(zhi)量管理效果不符合標(biao)(biao)準(zhun)(zhun)[3]。
結束(shu)語(yu)：總(zong)而(er)言(yan)之(zhi)，建(jian)筑工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)與人(ren)們的(de)(de)(de)日常生(sheng)活(huo)有(you)著密切聯系(xi)，為了能夠(gou)有(you)效提高(gao)建(jian)設單位工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)管理水平，則應該針對現(xian)有(you)工(gong)作情況(kuang)做好綜(zong)合探究，充分了解(jie)現(xian)階段(duan)影響建(jian)設單位工(gong)程管理的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)因素，進而(er)建(jian)立(li)可靠的(de)(de)(de)措施(shi)，以(yi)制度優化作為基礎，加強對材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)嚴格把關，確保(bao)可以(yi)通過(guo)對各個環(huan)節的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)統性規劃，為工(gong)程質(zhi)量(liang)管理帶(dai)來更多幫助。